\input{configpres}

\subsection{Technology}

\title{Flash-Memory Technology}
\maketitle

\begin{frame}
\frametitle{Contents}
\tableofcontents
\end{frame}

\subsubsection{Structure and Function}
\begin{frame}[fragile]
\frametitle{Single Cell Structure}
\begin{itemize}
\item Base element: MOSFET with a floating gate (FGMOS)
\item Organization of cells in blocks and pages
\end{itemize}
\begin{figure}[h]
\centering
\includegraphics[scale=0.5]{images/fmtech-fgmos.png}
\end{figure}
\end{frame}

\begin{frame}[fragile]
\frametitle{Read}
\begin{figure}[h]
\centering
\includegraphics[scale=0.4]{images/fmtech-single_read.png}
\end{figure}
\end{frame}

\begin{frame}[fragile]
\frametitle{Write (Program)}
\begin{figure}[h]
\centering
\includegraphics[scale=0.4]{images/fmtech-single_program.png}
\end{figure}
\end{frame}

\begin{frame}[fragile]
\frametitle{Erase}
\begin{figure}[h]
\centering
\includegraphics[scale=0.4]{images/fmtech-single_erase.png}
\end{figure}
\end{frame}

\subsubsection{Flash-Memory Types}
\begin{frame}[fragile]
\frametitle{Overview}
\begin{itemize}
\item NOR
\item NAND
\item Single- and Multi-Level Cells
\end{itemize}
\end{frame}

\begin{frame}[fragile]
\frametitle{NOR}
\begin{itemize}
\item direct addressable
\item usable like RAM/ROM (direct attach to CPU)
\item pros:
  \begin{itemize}
  \item fault tolerant
  \item high write-rate for small data
  \end{itemize}
\item cons:
  \begin{itemize}
  \item low data density (multiple gates per bit)
  \item low write-rate for large data
  \item cost
  \end{itemize}
\end{itemize}
\end{frame}

\begin{frame}[fragile]
\frametitle{NAND}
\begin{itemize}
\item matrix organization (blocks and pages)
\item addressing via controller logic
\item pros:
  \begin{itemize}
  \item cost
  \item high data density (1 to many bits per gate)
  \item high read-/write-rate for large data
  \item no layout change in hardware for more capacity
  \end{itemize}
\item cons:
  \begin{itemize}
  \item large effort for extensive Error Correction Codes (ECC)
  \end{itemize}
\end{itemize}
\end{frame}

\begin{frame}[fragile]
\frametitle{Data density}
\begin{itemize}
\item Single-Level Cells (SLC)
  \begin{itemize}
  \item ca. 100,000 write/delete cycles
  \item pros:
    \begin{itemize}
    \item robust
    \item low Error Correction Code (ECC) effort
    \end{itemize}
  \item cons:
    \begin{itemize}
    \item low data density
    \end{itemize}
  \end{itemize}
\end{itemize}
\pause
\begin{itemize}
\item Multi-Level Cells (MLC)
  \begin{itemize}
  \item ca. 3,000 to 10,000 write/delete cycles
  \item pros:
    \begin{itemize}
    \item high data density
    \end{itemize}
  \item cons:
    \begin{itemize}
    \item expensive Error Correction Codes (ECC) like BCH
    \item wear prone
    \item low read-rate
    \end{itemize}
  \end{itemize}
\end{itemize}
\end{frame}

\subsubsection{NAND block operations and side effects}
\begin{frame}[fragile]
\frametitle{Read}
\begin{figure}[h]
\centering
\includegraphics[width=10cm]{images/fmtech-read.png}
\end{figure}
\end{frame}

\begin{frame}[fragile]
\frametitle{Read Disturb}
\begin{figure}[h]
\centering
\includegraphics[width=10cm]{images/fmtech-read_disturb.png}
\end{figure}
\end{frame}

\begin{frame}[fragile]
\frametitle{Write}
\begin{figure}[h]
\centering
\includegraphics[width=10cm]{images/fmtech-write.png}
\end{figure}
\end{frame}

\begin{frame}[fragile]
\frametitle{Write Disturb}
\begin{figure}[h]
\centering
\includegraphics[width=10cm]{images/fmtech-write_disturb.png}
\end{figure}
\end{frame}

\subsection{}
\begin{frame}
\frametitle{References}
\begin{thebibliography}{99}
% \bibitem{FLASHMEM} David Woodhouse. Presentation \emph{Flash Memory}, 2012.  http://david.woodhou.se/dwmw2-kr-2012-09.odp 
\bibitem{FLASHMEM} David Woodhouse. Presentation \emph{Flash Memory}, 2012.
\href{http://david.woodhou.se/dwmw2-kr-2012-09.odp}{http://david.woodhou.se/dwmw2-kr-2012-09.odp} 
\end{thebibliography} 
\end{frame}

\input{tailpres}