% ----------------------------
\subsubsection{Basics}

% ----------------------------
\begin{frame}[fragile]
\frametitle{What is a Linux Capability?}
\begin{itemize}
\item Syscalls
 \begin{itemize}
 \item Application Programming Interface (API) to the Kernel
 \item some Syscalls need special privileges (EPERM)
 \end{itemize}
\item User Privileges
 \begin{itemize}
 \item root (UID == 0): all privileges
 \item users (UID > 0): no privileges
 \end{itemize}
\item Capability
 \begin{itemize}
 \item single privilege
 \item can be raised or dropped
 \end{itemize}
\end{itemize}
\end{frame}

% ----------------------------
\subsubsection{How it works}
% ----------------------------
\begin{frame}[fragile]
\frametitle{Control Flow}
 \begin{figure}[h]
 \centering
 \includegraphics[width=8cm]{images/syscall_flow.png}
 \end{figure}
\end{frame}

% ----------------------------
\begin{frame}[fragile]
\frametitle{Type of Syscalls}
\begin{itemize}
\item unprivileged Syscalls:
 \begin{itemize}
 \item sys\_gethostname()
 \item sys\_read() / sys\_write()
 \item sys\_getuid() / sys\_getgid()
 \item \dots
 \end{itemize}
\item privileged Syscalls:
 \begin{itemize}
 \item sys\_sethostname()
 \item sys\_open()
 \item sys\_setuid() / sys\_setgid()
 \item \dots
 \end{itemize}
\end{itemize}
\end{frame}

% ----------------------------
\begin{frame}[fragile]
\frametitle{Capabilities}
\begin{columns}[onlytextwidth]
 \begin{column}{0.5\textwidth}
  \begin{itemize}
  \item CAP\_MKNOD
  \item CAP\_KILL
  \item CAP\_SETGID
  \item CAP\_SETUID
  \item CAP\_SETPCAP
  \item CAP\_SYS\_BOOT
  \item CAP\_SYS\_NICE
  \item CAP\_SYS\_TIME
  \end{itemize}
 \end{column}
 \begin{column}{0.5\textwidth}
  \begin{itemize}
  \item CAP\_SYS\_MODULE
  \item CAP\_SYS\_RAWIO
  \item CAP\_SYS\_PTRACE
  \item CAP\_NET\_BIND\_SERVICE
  \item CAP\_NET\_BROADCAST
  \item CAP\_NET\_RAW
  \item CAP\_SYS\_ADMIN
  \item CAP\_NET\_ADMIN
  \end{itemize}
 \end{column}
\end{columns}
Full list: \\
Kernel Source: include/uapi/capability.h \\
Distribution: /usr/include/linux/capability.h
\end{frame}

% ----------------------------
\begin{frame}[fragile]
\frametitle{Process and File}
\begin{itemize}
\item Process/Task
 \begin{itemize}
 \item Capability bitfields in task context:
  \begin{itemize}
  \item Permitted
  \item Effective
  \item Inheritable
  \end{itemize}
 \end{itemize}
\item File
 \begin{itemize}
 \item Bitfields in file-attributes (xattr)
  \begin{itemize}
  \item Permitted
  \item Inheritable
  \item Auto-load Effective (single bit)
  \end{itemize}
 \end{itemize}
\end{itemize}
\end{frame}

% ----------------------------
\begin{frame}[fragile]
\frametitle{Capability Bitfields}
\begin{figure}[h]
\centering
\includegraphics[width=7cm]{images/cap_bitfields.png}
\end{figure}
\end{frame}

% ----------------------------
\begin{frame}[fragile]
\frametitle{Capability transition during execve()}
\begin{figure}[h]
\centering
\includegraphics[width=8cm]{images/cap_trans_execve.png}
\end{figure}
\end{frame}

% ----------------------------
\subsubsection{Capabilities in Applications}
% ----------------------------
\begin{frame}[fragile]
\frametitle{Capability Handling in Applications (libcap)}
\begin{columns}[onlytextwidth]
 \begin{column}{0.45\textwidth}
 \begin{beamerboxesrounded}[shadow=true]{Capability Set Handling}
 \begin{tiny}
 \begin{verbatim}
#include <sys/capability.h>

int list_n = 1;
cap_t caps;
cap_value_t list[list_n];

caps = cap_get_proc();

/* Capability Bitfield Modifications */

cap_set_proc(caps);

/* Continue with modified privileges */

cap_free(caps);
 \end{verbatim}
 \end{tiny}
 \end{beamerboxesrounded}
 \end{column}
 \begin{column}{0.45\textwidth}
Capability Bitfield Modifications
 \begin{beamerboxesrounded}[shadow=true]{gain (temp):}
 \begin{tiny}
 \begin{verbatim}
list[0] = CAP_NET_BIND_SERVICE;
cap_set_flag(caps, CAP_EFFECTIVE,
             list_n, list, CAP_SET);
cap_set_proc(caps);
 \end{verbatim}
 \end{tiny}
 \end{beamerboxesrounded}
 \begin{beamerboxesrounded}[shadow=true]{drop (temp):}
 \begin{tiny}
 \begin{verbatim}
list[0] = CAP_NET_BIND_SERVICE;
cap_set_flag(caps,CAP_EFFECTIVE,
             list_n, list,CAP_CLEAR);
cap_set_proc(caps);
 \end{verbatim}
 \end{tiny}
 \end{beamerboxesrounded}
 \begin{beamerboxesrounded}[shadow=true]{drop (finally):}
 \begin{tiny}
 \begin{verbatim}
list[0] = CAP_NET_BIND_SERVICE;
cap_set_flag(caps,CAP_PERMITTED,
             list_n, list,CAP_CLEAR);
cap_set_proc(caps);
 \end{verbatim}
 \end{tiny}
 \end{beamerboxesrounded}
 \end{column}
\end{columns}
\end{frame}

% % ----------------------------
\begin{frame}[fragile]
\frametitle{Capability scenario}
Scenario for dropping capabilities in suid-root processes
\begin{enumerate}
\item Run process with effective UID == 0
\item use libcap to drop not required capabilities
 \begin{itemize}
 \item effective: drop all
 \item permitted: keep only required
 \end{itemize}
\item set SEC\_KEEP\_CAPS (prctl(PR\_SET\_KEEPCAPS))
\item set all UIDs to non-zero
\item raise capability in effecive set before calling a privileged syscall
\item drop capability from effective set after syscall
\end{enumerate}
\end{frame}

% ----------------------------
\subsubsection{Tooling \& Documentation}
% ----------------------------
\begin{frame}[fragile]
\frametitle{Tooling for Capabilities}
\begin{itemize}
\item capsh\\
Modify security properties of a task (including capabilities)
\item getcap/setcap\\
Modify file capability settings
\item libpam-cap\\
Preset users inheritable capabilities during login
\end{itemize}
\end{frame}

% ----------------------------
\begin{frame}[fragile]
\frametitle{Further Information about Capabilities}
\begin{itemize}
\item cat /proc/<pid>/status
\item Man-Pages (man 7 capabilities, ff.)
\item The Linux Programming Interface (Michael Kerisk),\\
      ISBN 978-1-59327-220-3
\end{itemize}
\end{frame}

% ----------------------------
\subsubsection{Summary}
% ----------------------------
\begin{frame}[fragile]
\frametitle{Summary}
\begin{itemize}
\item A Capability allows to use a privileged syscall
\item Task-Capabilities:
 \begin{itemize}
 \item 3 bitfields
 \item permitted, effective, inheritable
 \end{itemize}
\item File Capabilities:
 \begin{itemize}
 \item File extended attributes
 \item 2 bitfields, 1 flag
 \item permmitted, inheritable, effecitve (flag)
 \end{itemize}
\item Capability transition for fork() and execve()
\item Conclusion\\
 \begin{itemize}
 \item root/non-root: all or nothing\\
 \item Capabilities: fine grain privileges
 \end{itemize}
\end{itemize}
\end{frame}