% ----------------------------
\subsubsection{Linux Security Modules Overview}

% ----------------------------
\begin{frame}[fragile]
\frametitle{Linux Security Modules}
\begin{itemize}
\item Problem: Malware, Exploits
\item Solution: Mandatory Access Control
 \begin{itemize}
 \item Categories: Subjects and Objects
 \item System-wide, static Rule-set
 \item Context/Domain sensitive Resource Access
 \end{itemize}
\item Implementation
 \begin{itemize}
 \item Tag/Label-based
  \begin{itemize}
  \item SE-Linux
  \item SMACK
  \end{itemize}
 \item Path-based
  \begin{itemize}
  \item AppArmor
  \item Tomoyo
  \end{itemize}
 \end{itemize}
\end{itemize}
\end{frame}

% ----------------------------
\subsubsection{Concepts and Terms}

% ----------------------------
\begin{frame}[fragile]
\frametitle{Access Control: Terms}
\begin{itemize}
\item Subject: Process, Actor
\item Object: File, Directory, Device Node
\item Identity: User, Group or Role
\item Context/Domain: Subject Attribution
\item Action: Access of a Subject to an Object
\item Rule: Relation between Subject, Object and Action
\end{itemize}
\end{frame}

% ----------------------------
\begin{frame}[fragile]
\frametitle{Access Control: Terms}
\begin{figure}[h]
\centering
\includegraphics[width=8cm]{images/mac_terms.png}
\end{figure}
\end{frame}

% ----------------------------
\begin{frame}[fragile]
\frametitle{DAC vs. MAC}
\begin{itemize}
\item DAC: Discretionary Access Control
 \begin{itemize}
 \item in terms of: User defined, optional
 \item Access Right based on Identity of Subject
 \item Relation between Subject, Object and Action
 \item Access Right Inheritance (Subject to Subject)
 \end{itemize}
\item MAC: Mandatory Access Control
 \begin{itemize}
 \item in terms of: System-wide, forcing
 \item Access Right defined for Context
 \item System-wide, Rule-based Access Control
 \item Managed Context Switch
 \end{itemize}
\end{itemize}
\end{frame}

% ----------------------------
\begin{frame}[fragile]
\frametitle{Simple MAC Rule Examples}
\begin{beamerboxesrounded}[shadow=true]{SMACK}
\begin{scriptsize}
\begin{verbatim}
# subjectlabel objectlabel mode
Secret         Secret      rwx
Secret         Public      rx
Public         Secret      -
\end{verbatim}
\end{scriptsize}
\end{beamerboxesrounded}
\begin{beamerboxesrounded}[shadow=true]{Tomoyo}
\begin{scriptsize}
\begin{verbatim}
# rule: Access granted
# no rule: Access denied
# <action>  <object>
file write  /var/log/mylog
\end{verbatim}
\end{scriptsize}
\end{beamerboxesrounded}
\end{frame}

% ----------------------------
\begin{frame}[fragile]
\frametitle{Simple MAC Access Rule Examples}
\begin{beamerboxesrounded}[shadow=true]{SELinux}
\begin{scriptsize}
\begin{verbatim}
#     <domain> <type>:<class>    { <permissions> };
allow auditd_t auditd_log_t:file { write };
\end{verbatim}
\end{scriptsize}
\end{beamerboxesrounded}
\begin{beamerboxesrounded}[shadow=true]{AppArmor}
\begin{scriptsize}
\begin{verbatim}
# single files
  /etc/passwd r,
  deny /etc/nsswitch.conf r,
# for different users
  @{HOME}/ r,
  owner @{HOME}/** rw,
\end{verbatim}
\end{scriptsize}
\end{beamerboxesrounded}
\end{frame}

% ----------------------------
\subsubsection{Subject Context/Domain}

% ----------------------------
\begin{frame}[fragile]
\frametitle{How do a Subject/Process get its Context/Domain?}
\begin{itemize}
\item SELinux
 \begin{itemize}
 \item Default: Context Inheritance
 \item Rules for Context Switch
 \item Domain: based on Context and executing User
 \item based on Extended File Attributes
 \end{itemize}
\item SMACK
 \begin{itemize}
 \item Default: Context Inheritance
 \item Pre-defined Labels
 \item Label child process (systemd)
 \end{itemize}
\end{itemize}
\end{frame}

% ----------------------------
\begin{frame}[fragile]
\frametitle{How do a Subject/Process get its Context/Domain?}
\begin{itemize}
\item Tomoyo
 \begin{itemize}
 \item Default: new Context on each fork()/exec()
 \item Based on File Path
 \item Domain Transition Policy
 \end{itemize}
\item AppArmor
 \begin{itemize}
 \item Default: Defined by Path (of Executable)
 \end{itemize}
\end{itemize}
\end{frame}

% ----------------------------
\begin{frame}[fragile]
\frametitle{Tomoyo: Default Domain Policy}
\begin{itemize}
\item Domain transition for each starting Process
\item Default: Inherit previous Domain
\item Note: Domains are unique
\end{itemize}
\begin{beamerboxesrounded}[shadow=true]{Example: Start via System Init}
\begin{scriptsize}
\begin{verbatim}
<kernel> /sbin/init /etc/rc.d/rcS /usr/local/bin/myappl
\end{verbatim}
\end{scriptsize}
\end{beamerboxesrounded}
\begin{beamerboxesrounded}[shadow=true]{Example: Start via Login-Shell}
\begin{scriptsize}
\begin{verbatim}
<kernel> /sbin/init /etc/rc.d/rcS /usr/bin/opensshd \
                    /bin/bin/bash /usr/local/bin/myappl
\end{verbatim}
\end{scriptsize}
\end{beamerboxesrounded}
\end{frame}

% ----------------------------
\begin{frame}[fragile]
\frametitle{Tomoyo: Domain Transition Policy}
\begin{itemize}
\item Describe the Domain Transition
\end{itemize}
\begin{beamerboxesrounded}[shadow=true]{Example: Keep Domain, ignore Call Chain }
\begin{scriptsize}
\begin{verbatim}
initialize_domain <kernel> /sbin/init from any
keep_domain any from <kernel> /sbin/init
\end{verbatim}
\end{scriptsize}
\end{beamerboxesrounded}
\end{frame}

% ----------------------------
\begin{frame}[fragile]
\frametitle{Conclusion: Context/Domain transition}
\begin{itemize}
\item Not at the discretion of the process
\item Controlled by MAC
\end{itemize}
\end{frame}

% ----------------------------
\subsubsection{Object Typing}

% ----------------------------
\begin{frame}[fragile]
\frametitle{How do an Object/File get its Type?}
\begin{itemize}
\item AppArmor/Tomoyo
 \begin{itemize}
 \item Defined by File Path (wildcards allowed)
 \end{itemize}
\item SELinux/SMACK
 \begin{itemize}
 \item Defined by Extended File Attribute
 \end{itemize}
\end{itemize}
\begin{beamerboxesrounded}[shadow=true]{File Labeling for SMACK}
\begin{scriptsize}
\begin{verbatim}
# <cmd> <action> <attr-name> <attr-value> <file>
/usr/bin/attr -S -s SMACK64  -V '*'       /dev/null
\end{verbatim}
\end{scriptsize}
\end{beamerboxesrounded}
\end{frame}

% ----------------------------
\subsubsection{Summary}

% ----------------------------
\begin{frame}[fragile]
\frametitle{Summary}
\begin{itemize}
\item Rule-set
 \begin{itemize}
 \item System-wide
 \item Static
 \item Build-in or load after Kernel-Init
 \item Valid for all users, including root
 \end{itemize}
\item Whitelist
 \begin{itemize}
 \item Rules describe all allowed access'
 \item All other access' can be tracked
 \item Override other Security mechanisms
 \end{itemize}
\end{itemize}
\end{frame}

% ----------------------------
\subsubsection{Examples}

% ----------------------------
\begin{frame}[fragile]
\frametitle{Example I}
\begin{itemize}
\item Ruleset for a simple Application
\item Context: File Path of the Application
\item Objects: two Files in the Homedirectory and the /tmp Directory
\end{itemize}
\begin{beamerboxesrounded}[shadow=true]{Example: AppArmor, /etc/apparmor.d/}
\begin{scriptsize}
\begin{verbatim}
/usr/local/bin/myappl {
    #include <abstractions/base>

    /usr/local/bin/myappl r,
    @{HOME}/.myappl.log   rw,
    /tmp/myappl.backup    rw,
}
\end{verbatim}
\end{scriptsize}
\end{beamerboxesrounded}
\end{frame}

% ----------------------------
\begin{frame}[fragile]
\frametitle{Example II}
\begin{itemize}
\item Ruleset for an update of the shared library cache
\item Subject: ldconfig
\item Object: /etc/ld.so.cache
\end{itemize}
\begin{beamerboxesrounded}[shadow=true]{Profile (profile.conf)}
\begin{scriptsize}
\begin{verbatim}
4-COMMENT=-----Permissive Mode -----
4-PREFERENCE={ max_audit_log=1024 max_learning_entry=2048 }
4-CONFIG={ mode=enforcing grant_log=no reject_log=yes }
\end{verbatim}
\end{scriptsize}
\end{beamerboxesrounded}

\begin{beamerboxesrounded}[shadow=true]{Domain transition (exception\_policy.conf)}
\begin{scriptsize}
\begin{verbatim}
initialize_domain /sbin/ldconfig from any
keep_domain any from /sbin/ldconfig
\end{verbatim}
\end{scriptsize}
\end{beamerboxesrounded}

\begin{beamerboxesrounded}[shadow=true]{Rules (domain\_policy.conf)}
\begin{scriptsize}
\begin{verbatim}
<kernel> /sbin/ldconfig
use_profile 4
use_group 1

file create /etc/ld.so.cache~ 0600
file write /etc/ld.so.cache~
file chmod /etc/ld.so.cache~ 0644
file rename /etc/ld.so.cache~ /etc/ld.so.cache
\end{verbatim}
\end{scriptsize}
\end{beamerboxesrounded}
\end{frame}

% ----------------------------
\subsubsection*{}
\begin{frame}[fragile]
\frametitle{References}
\begin{itemize}
\item Kernel Source Documentation:
 \begin{itemize}
 \item Documentation/admin-guide/LSM/Smack.rst
 \item Documentation/admin-guide/LSM/SELinux.rst
 \item Documentation/admin-guide/LSM/apparmor.rst
 \item Documentation/admin-guide/LSM/tomoyo.rst
 \end{itemize}
\item \url{https://wiki.gentoo.org/wiki/SELinux/Tutorials}
\item \url{http://tomoyo.osdn.jp/2.5/index.html.en}
\end{itemize}
\end{frame}