\def\lximg{/usr/share/lx/icons/fueller.png}

\newcommand{\superscript}[1]{\ensuremath{^{\textrm{#1}}}}
\newcommand{\subscript}[1]{\ensuremath{_{\textrm{#1}}}}

\input{configpres}

\subsection{Cryptography}

\title{Cryptography}
\maketitle

\def\lximg{none}

% ----------------------------
\subsubsection{Fundamentals}

\begin{frame}[fragile]
\frametitle{Cryptography: Historical}
\begin{itemize}
\item First mention: 300 BC in ancient Egypt
\item Mechanical Systems
\item Character Exchange Tables and Codebooks
\item Problem: Crypto Analysis, Transmission
\end{itemize}
\end{frame}

% ----------------------------
\begin{frame}
\frametitle{Cryptography: Modern}
\begin{itemize}
\item Revolution starts in 1970
\item Cryptography for non-military purpose
\item Data Encryption Standard (DES: 1976)
\item Secret Key Exchange (Diffie, Hellmann: 1976)
\item Private/Public Key: RSA Algorithm (Rivest, Shamir, Adleman: 1977)
\end{itemize}
\end{frame}

% ----------------------------
\begin{frame}
\frametitle{Kerckhoffs's principle}
Auguste Kerckhoff (1983) on \emph{La Cryptographie Militaire}
\begin{itemize}
\item \dots
\item It must not be required to be secret, and it must be able to fall into
      the hands of the enemy without inconvenience
\item \dots
\end{itemize}
Conclusion:
\begin{itemize}
\item No \emph{Security by Obscurity}
\item The strength of the system must depend on the secret of
the key, not on the secret of the algorithm
\item published and standardized method/algorithm \\
      (eliminate failures in theory)
\item open implementation \\
      (eliminate failures in implementation)
\end{itemize}
\end{frame}

% ----------------------------
\begin{frame}
\frametitle{Cryptographic Methods}
\begin{itemize}
\item Asymmetric methods
\begin{itemize}
\item expensive and slow
\item Public and Private Key
\item Key Exchange
\end{itemize}
\item Symmetric methods
\begin{itemize}
\item efficient and fast
\item single Key
\item Bulk Data Encryption/Hashes
\end{itemize}
\item non-linear behavior
\item resistant against
\begin{itemize}
\item statistical analysis
\item differential cryptanalysis
\end{itemize}
\end{itemize}
\end{frame}

% ----------------------------
\subsubsection{Symmetric Methods}

\begin{frame}
\frametitle{Data Encryption Standard (DES)}
\begin{itemize}
\item S-Box based, \\
      56 bit key size, \\
      64 bit cipher block size
\item developed by IBM and NSA
\item 1975: First publication
\item 1976: accepted as standard
\item 1977: published as FIPS PUB 46
\item TDES is recommended as replacement since 1999
\end{itemize}
\end{frame}

% ----------------------------
\begin{frame}
\frametitle{Advanced Encryption Standard (AES)}
\begin{itemize}
\item S-Box based, \\
      128, 192, 256 bit key size, \\
      128 bit cipher block size
\item 1997: public selection process started by NIST
\item 1999: end of 1st round: 15 algorithms
\item 2000: end of 2nd round: 6 algorithms
\item 2000: Rijndael published as AES in October
\end{itemize}
\end{frame}

% ----------------------------
\subsubsection{Asymmetric Methods}

\begin{frame}
\frametitle{Asymmetric Methods}
\begin{itemize}
\item based on one-way methods
\item encryption with public information
\item decryption only with private information
\item RSA
\begin{itemize}
\item 512 to 4096 bit key size
\item min. 2048 bit recommended
\end{itemize}
\item Elliptic Curve Cryptography (ECC)
\begin{itemize}
\item 160 to 512 bit key size
\item equivalent security with shorter key size
\item RSA/DH 2048 equivalent to ECDH 224
\end{itemize}
\end{itemize}
\end{frame}

% ----------------------------
\subsubsection{Applications}

\begin{frame}
\frametitle{Modes of Operation}
\begin{itemize}
\item turn Block Cipher into a Stream Cipher
\item disarrange repeating patterns
\end{itemize}
\begin{figure}[h]
\centering
\includegraphics[scale=0.3]{images/crypto_3tux.png}
\end{figure}
\end{frame}

% ----------------------------
\begin{frame}
\frametitle{Cipher Block Chaining (CBC)}
\begin{itemize}
\item Decryption parallelizable
\item damaged IV affects first plaintext block
\item one-bit flip in ciphertext affects whole plaintext block and the
corresponding bit in the following plaintext block
\item Multiple Cipherblock Size only, padding required (e.g. with CBC-CS)
\end{itemize}
\begin{figure}[h]
\centering
\includegraphics[scale=0.3]{images/crypto-cbc.png}
\end{figure}
\end{frame}

% ----------------------------
\begin{frame}
\frametitle{Cipher Feedback (CFB)}
\begin{itemize}
\item Required only Block Encryption
\item Decryption parallelizable
\item No padding required
\end{itemize}
\begin{figure}[h]
\centering
\includegraphics[scale=0.3]{images/crypto-cfb.png}
\end{figure}
\end{frame}

% ----------------------------
\begin{frame}
\frametitle{Counter (CTR)}
\begin{itemize}
\item Required only Block Encryption
\item Encryption and Decryption parallelizable
\item No padding required
\end{itemize}
\begin{figure}[h]
\centering
\includegraphics[scale=0.3]{images/crypto-ctr.png}
\end{figure}
\end{frame}

% ----------------------------
\begin{frame}
\frametitle{SSL/TLS Handshake (1)}
Secure Key Exchange
\begin{itemize}
\item Phase 1
\begin{itemize}
\item Client / Server exchange Random Numbers (RN\subscript{c} and
RN\subscript {s})
\item Negotiate Session Parameter (encryption method, compression)
\end{itemize}
\item Phase 2
\begin{itemize}
\item Server Certificate (incl. PubK\subscript{s}), checked by Client
\item opt: Client verify Server Certificate Signature
\item opt: Server request signed Client Certificate
\end{itemize}
\end{itemize}
\end{frame}

% ----------------------------
\begin{frame}
\frametitle{SSL/TLS Handshake (2)}
\begin{itemize}
\item Phase 3:
\begin{itemize}
\item Client Certificate (incl. PubK\subscript{c}), checked by Server
\item Hash over all previous messages, signed with PrivK\subscript{c}, checked by Server
\item Client calculate Pre-Master-Secret (PMS)
\item Encrypted PMS (with PubK\subscript{s}) to Server
\item Both sides calculate Master-Secret with RN\subscript{c},
RN\subscript{s} and PMS
\end{itemize}
\item Phase 4:
\begin{itemize}
\item Both sides switch to encrypted communication with MS
\end{itemize}
\end{itemize}
\end{frame}

% ----------------------------
\begin{frame}
\frametitle{Open Crypto Libraries}
\begin{itemize}
\item OpenSSL: libcrypto and libssl \\
      Implementations and Hardware support for most common algorithms
\item GnuTLS: GNU SSL/TLS implementation \\
      Focus on TLS handshaking and protocol implementation
\item PKCS\#11 (API for Smartcard Slots and Tokens) \\
      OpenSC Project \\
      opencryptoki
\end{itemize}
\end{frame}

% ----------------------------
\subsubsection{Related Links}

\begin{frame}
Starting point on Wikipedia
\begin{itemize}
\item \url{http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cryptography}
\end{itemize}
National Institute of Standards and Technology
\begin{itemize}
\item \url{http://www.nist.gov}
\end{itemize}
RSA Labratories
\begin{itemize}
\item \url{http://www.rsa.com}
\end{itemize}
\end{frame}

\subsection{}
\input{tailpres}